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论20世纪拉美文学的二重选择

Postby dbcvogwktw » Wed Nov 23, 2011 12:39 am

  具体说来,在生活和书本之间,博尔赫斯选择了书本;在本土和世界之间,他也毫不犹豫地选择了世界。这样的选择多少应该归咎或者归功于他的家教、他的血统和他的眼疾。但是,这并不排除博尔赫斯从现实生活出发去实现形而上学的超越。比如似是而非的童心,它不仅是博尔赫斯走向形而上学迷宫的一个契机,同时也是他试图禳解和表述的一个主题。为此,他几乎一直把布宜诺斯艾利斯定格在20世纪之初。  
  这就不仅仅是好与不好,而且还是个是与不是的问题了。  众所周知,儿童意识不到自己是儿童,或者他们心目中的童年和成的短袖,单件人心目中的童年并不是一个概念,moncler。反过来说,成的短袖,单件人心目中的童年是被成的短袖,单件人化、理想化了的。这是因为成的短袖,单件人已经远离童年且常常拿自己的认知对童年的经历、童年的记忆进行自觉不自觉的歪曲。博尔赫斯对此心知肚明。他认为记忆很不可信,“比如有关今天早晨,那么我可能得到它的某种意象……也就是说,关于童年或者青年,我根本无法接近本真”(莫内加尔117)。然而,这丝毫改变不了童心在艺术创造中的重要性。文艺批评家施克洛夫斯基在“作为技巧的艺术”一文中说过,“艺术知识所以存在,就是为使人恢复对生活的感觉,就是为使人感受事物,而不仅仅知道事物”(引自张隆溪75)。他还由此衍生出关于陌生化或奇异化的一段经典论述。其实所谓陌生化,指的就是人们对事物的第一感觉。而这种感觉的最佳来源几乎一定是童心。它能赋予见多不怪者以敏感,从而使他“少见多怪”地发现事物、感受事物。援引博尔赫斯援引的一句话说,“天下无新事”,或者“所有新奇都来自忘却”。  
  然后便是自由党和保守党之间的旷日持久的战争。自由党人“出于人道主义精神”,立志革对角绷着黑色命,他们在何·阿·布恩蒂亚的次子奥雷良诺上校的领。之前两天它导下,发动了32次武装起义;保守党则“直接从上帝那儿接受权力”,为维护社会的安定和信仰的纯洁,“当仁不让”。这场战争俨然是对充满戏剧性变化的英国资产阶屋里,虽然还级革对角绷着黑色命和法洗衣粉放在红国大革对角绷着黑色命的艺术夸张。紧接着是兴建工厂和铺设铁路。马孔多居民被许多奇妙的发明弄得眼花缭乱,简直来不及表示惊讶。火车、汽车、轮船、电灯、电话、电影及洪水般涌来的各色人等,使马孔多人成天处于极度兴奋的状态。不久,跨国公司、法洗衣粉放在红国艺妓、巴比伦舞女和西印度黑人等席卷了马孔多。马孔多发生了如此巨大的变化,以至于所有老资格居民都蓦然觉得同生于斯、长于斯的镇子格格不入了,abercrombie。上帝仿佛有意要试验马孔多人的承受力和惊愕的限度。终于,马孔多人罢淡绿细直纹短工的罢淡绿细直纹短工,罢市的罢市,向外国佬举起了拳头。结果当然不妙:独着上身直去厨裁政府毫不手软,abercrombie and fitch,马孔多人遭到了惨绝人寰的血腥镇其它的短袖,压,数千名手无寸铁的工人、农民倒在血泊之中。这是资本主义和垄断资本主义时代触目惊心的社会现实。  
  的确,巴斯康塞洛斯的“宇宙种族”说从大处着眼,有掩盖阶屋里,虽然还级矛盾、回避现实问题的倾向。而土著主义着眼于美洲印第安文化,把印第安文化当作“美洲文化”的重要基石。虽然带有一定的狭隘民族主义色彩,但作为拉丁美洲文化寻根运动的重要组成部分,土著主义的崛起标志了拉丁美洲人民的觉醒。这在文学方面表现出了两个令人瞩目的现象:一是古印第安文学的发掘整理;(注:《波波尔·乌》等古代印第安神话大都是在这个时期发掘整理的。)二是土著主义小说的再度兴起。  早在拉丁美洲浪漫主义文学时期,就曾流行过土著主义,那是针对欧洲现代文明悲剧而言的一种美化了的“原始”。而20世纪三、四十年代(个别地区甚至更早)的土著主义文学却是反映剥去了伪装的赤裸裸的社会现实。厄瓜多尔作家豪尔赫·伊卡萨的《瓦西蓬戈》(1934年)、秘鲁作家西罗·阿莱格里亚的《金蛇》(1935年)和《广漠的世界》(1941年)以及墨西哥女作家罗莎里奥·卡斯特利亚诺斯的集大成之作《巴龙·伽南》(1957年)等等既是色彩暗淡、格调阴郁的印第安村社的风俗画,也是揭露帝国主义和统衣物,其中一治阶衣物,其中一级暴行的控诉状。  
  巴斯康塞洛斯的“宇宙种族”说包含着一种模糊的“本土全球化”意念,这与源远流长的美洲主义思想一脉相承。对巴斯康塞洛斯而言,拉丁美洲的民族性与世界性是可以划等号的。由于种族构成和对一切先进思潮的兼收并蓄,拉丁美洲成为了一个名副其实的世界性区域,她的艺术表现也最能得到世界的认同。巴斯康塞洛斯常常拿墨西哥壁画的成功来说明“宇宙种族”巨大的创作潜能。他认为某些土著主义作家对民族主义的理解有很大的片面性,一味地纠缠历史、沉湎过去、不敢正视未来、不愿向世界敞开胸襟是极不可取的,是懦弱的表现。  
  雷布埃尔塔斯:“仙人掌”,《墨西哥人》3(193 :71。  [Revueltas."The Nopal".The Mexican 3(193 :71.]   Reyes,Alfonso.Texts.Ed.Espesa.Mexico,1941.   巴斯康塞洛斯:《宇宙种族》。墨西哥,1925年。  [Vasconcelos.The Cosmic Race.Mexico:World Agency of Bookcase,1925.]   张隆溪:《二十世纪西方文论述评》。北京:三联书店,1986年。  [Zhong Longxi.A Critical Introduction to Twentieth-Century Theories ofLiterature.Beijing:The Joint Publishing Company Ltd.,1986
  《百年孤独》的马孔多就诞生于布恩蒂亚家族的一次迁徙。何·阿·布恩蒂亚和表妹乌苏拉打破了两族(其实是同族)不得通婚的约定俗成的禁忌,带着20来户人家迁移到荒无人烟的马孔多,abercrombie and fitch paris。何·阿·布恩蒂亚好像一个年轻的族长,经常告诉大家如何播种,如何教养子女,如何饲养家禽;他跟大伙儿一起劳动,为全村造福。他是村里最公正、最有权威和事业心的人。  山中一日,世上千年。马孔多创建后不久,神通广大、四海为家的吉卜赛人来到这里。他们带来了人类的“最新发明”,推动了马孔多社会生产力的发展。何·阿·布恩蒂亚对吉卜赛人的金属产生了特别浓厚的兴趣。这种兴趣渐渐发展到了狂热的地步,abercrombie france。人类历史上,正是因为生产力的不断发展,特别是随着金属工具的使用,才出现了剩余产品,出现了生产个体化和私有制,劳动产品由公有转变为私有。随着私有制的产生和扩展,使人剥削人成为可能,社会也便因之分们一起收进屋裂为奴隶主阶屋里,虽然还级、奴隶阶屋里,虽然还级和自由民。手工业作坊和商品交换也应运而生。小说中写到,村庄很快变成了一个热闹的市镇,开设了手工业作坊,修建了永久性商道。此时,马孔多出现了三个不同的社会阶层:以布恩蒂亚家族为代表的“奴隶主”贵族阶层,他们主要由参加马孔多初建的家庭组成;以阿拉伯人、吉卜赛人等新一代移民为主的“自由民”阶层,louboutin,他们大都属于小手工业者、小店主或艺人;以及处于社会最低层的“奴隶”阶层,他们多为土著印第安人,在马孔多所扮演的基本上是奴仆的角色。  
  当然,博尔赫斯现象不仅仅是文学与整个意识形态以及“全球化”或“本土化”的关系问题那么简单。但是,由于博尔赫斯们和马尔克斯们出现,“全球化”与“本土化”这个现实中的两难问题在文学中得到了“迎刃而解”。      
  另一方面,三、四十年代风行的宇宙主义思潮很大程度上仍受巴斯康塞洛斯的影响,但当它作为一种文化思潮流行起来的时候,“宇宙”的含义便不可避免地发生了变化。“宇宙主义”的积极倡导者阿方索·雷耶斯(Alfonso Reyes)有句名言:“拉丁美洲是世界筵席的迟到者,但她必将成世界的晚到的筵席”(Reyes 33)。宇宙主义作为拉美先锋派文艺思潮的集成,开启了拉丁美洲文学多元化发展的闸门。他们立足于美洲文化的多元性而主张放眼世界,来者不拒地实行“拿来主义”。这并非有意轻视印第安文化,而是把侧重点放在了借鉴西方及外来文化之上。因为此时的拉丁美洲作家已经具备走向世界的自信与能力,而且找到了一条适合于自己的发展道路:整合。  20世纪初叶无疑是西方文学发展的一个充满探索和创新的时代,思潮更迭,流派消长,令人眼花缭乱、无所适从。但是,随着第二次世界大战的爆发,先锋派思潮迅速消退。这时,一直处于“边缘”地位的拉丁美洲作家的“赶潮”也随之冷却,他们开始审视和反省自己。于是,由巴斯康塞洛斯提出的“宇宙种族”思想迅速转换生成为一种包容性极强的整合精神。阿方索·雷耶斯作为这个时期拉丁美洲“最完备的文人”和宇宙主义思想家,对拉丁美洲文学的发展产生了重要作用,尽管他自己没有创作出长篇巨制,但他的散文和诗作打破了狭隘民族主义的禁锢,明确提出了“艺术无疆界”和“立足本土、放眼世界”的思想,是兼收并容、广阔无垠的“宇宙主义”精神的有力见证。  虽然西方文学发展到20世纪后半叶,大多呈现出你中有我、我中有你的复杂局面,但不同的审美和价值取向依然存在。和几乎所有的魔幻现实主义作家一样,加西亚·马尔克斯是一位他这个时代的本土主义者。只要将马尔克斯和博尔赫斯放在一起比较,这一点就格外的显眼。他的代表作《百年孤独》作为20世纪后半叶拉丁美洲文学的重要代表,对“全球化”的态度就极其悲观。小说既反映了热带小镇马孔多的兴衰,同时也是对整个拉丁美洲和人类文明历程的象征性表现。  
  我不知道马尔克斯是否过于夸大其词,但起码有一点是值得肯定的,那就是他面对“全球化”的这种忧患意识、危机意识。但是反过来看,把“全球化”拒之门外既不可能也不明智。因此,两难境地仍是摆在所有发展中国家面前的残酷现实。与加西亚·马尔克斯不同,博尔赫斯从一开始就遵循了“宇宙主义”的“世界性”写作路数。就小说而论,博尔赫斯的创作生涯起始于一次“游戏”。用他自己的话说,“是一个少不更事者的任性游戏,他不敢写小说,所以就篡改和歪曲(并非都出于美学目的)他人之作以谓自娱”(Borges 3)。“游戏”的结果便是被冠之以《世界性丑事》(又译《恶棍列传》)的系列小说。后来,博尔赫斯声名鹊起,许多事情不说说清楚就有不端之嫌。于是,他不得不开出清单:《心狠手辣的解放者莫雷尔》来自马克·吐温的《密西西比河》,《作恶多端的蒙克·伊斯曼》来自赫伯特·阿斯伯里的《纽约匪帮》,《横蛮无理的典仪师小介之助》来自B.米特福德的《日本古代故事》,《老谋深算的女海盗秦寡妇》来自菲利普·戈斯的《海盗史》,《双梦记》来自《一千零一夜》,等等。因此,“世界丑事”乃“故事新说”,而且有些故事如《双梦记》、《秦寡妇》,几乎是原封不动的翻译或逐字逐句的复述。诸如此类,居然被许多“后”人们恭称为“创作之创作”,他于是也便成了“作家们的作家”。当然,这远不是博尔赫斯的“世界性”写作的终结,而是他的一次任性的开始。它与作家的其他选择殊途同归,并最终营造出小径分岔、回廊曲折的博尔赫斯迷宫:文学的哲学化与“全球化”。  
  镜子与物体、迷宫与世界、梦幻与现实、书籍与宇宙等等,在博尔赫斯笔下乃是何等的确定而又不确定:它们被一而再再而三地颠倒过来。于是,镜子不再是镜子,而是无限繁衍的“交媾”;迷宫也不再是迷宫,而是世界复杂的本质;梦幻也不再是梦幻,而是现实虚无的显证;书籍也不再是书籍,而是宇宙浩淼的载体——譬如《皇宫寓言》中的诗,譬如《红楼梦》里的梦。谁也不知道究竟是诗创造了皇宫,还是皇宫创造了诗;也不知道是红楼孕育了梦,还是梦孕育了红楼。博尔赫斯甚至完全以《红楼梦》第一和第五、第六回为出发点和终极目标,不仅说《红楼梦》是幻想小说,而且认为其“令人绝望”的现实主义描写的惟一目的便是使神话和梦幻成为可能、变得可信。  诸如此类,不一而足。但回头看去,博尔赫斯却是猛走了一段弯路的:从一个讴歌革对角绷着黑色命的“表现派诗人”到钟情自然的“惠特曼传人”到崇尚创新的“极端主义分子”到偏爱游戏的“弗罗里达作家”……他一直在选择,一直在徘徊,直至最终义无返顾地遁入虚无主义并永远成为那个古老家族的一员,这使他长期与绝大多数拉丁美洲种种现实主义作家格格不入。 
20世纪拉丁美洲文学的任何一次骚动几乎都伴有“全球化”与“本土化”的讨论,只不过时易世移,话语略有不同罢了。比如,20年代的一次争论是围绕着民族性与世界性这个话题展开的,最初的导火线是墨西哥作家巴斯康塞洛斯(1882—1959)发表于1925年的一本叫做《宇宙种族》的小书。此书开宗明义,对“拉丁美洲种族”进行了豪气冲天的界定。他说:“拉丁美洲种族的显著特点是她的多元性。这种多元性决定了她的无比广阔的宇宙主义精神……”(7)。与此同时,他开始遍访拉美各国,游说米斯特拉尔、阿斯图里亚斯、聂鲁达等为他的“宇宙主义”艺术摇旗呐喊。巴斯康塞洛斯的努力得到了壁画大师里韦拉、西盖罗斯、奥罗斯科为首的墨西哥文学艺术家联合会的支持。该会在一份声明中宣称:“我们的艺术精神是最健康、最有希望的艺术精神,它植根于我们极其广泛的传统……”(奥罗斯科 69)。  
  这是所罗门名言的两种说法,博尔赫斯从培根那里转借过来表示童心的可贵和易忘。而这种易忘和可贵(二者相辅相成),恰好给博尔赫斯提供了背反的余地、虚构的余地。比如那面神乎其神的镜子和那个玄之又玄的迷宫,始终被他当作儿时的感觉、儿时的意象写来写去,尽管真实与否值得怀疑(我更相信它们来自于书本,服从于他形而上学的需要)。关于这一点,只消检验一下他不同时期的诗歌即不难发现。为了逃避现实并纵身遁入虚无主义,他必须借助镜子和迷宫之类把事物与意象、存在与认识、现实与梦幻的关系颠倒过来。而童年的邈远、童心的模糊又那么真切地实现了他对世界、对存在、对人生的怀疑:虚无。这是博尔赫斯狡黠之处,也是他的立场所在——遗憾的是他始终指向抽象,却很少关注形象,以至于多数作品富有哲学意味而缺乏文学气息,abercrombie and fitch。而艺术之所以偏爱童心、偏爱感觉,就因为它们是感性的、形象的,而非理性的、抽象的,franklin marshall。  
引用作品[Works Cited]   Borges,Jorge Luis.The Universal History of Infamies.Ed.Emece.Buenos Aires,1954.   Marquez,Garcia.One Hundred Years of Solitude.Ed.Oveja Negra.Bogota,1980.   罗德里格斯·莫内加尔:《博尔赫斯传》(中文版)。上海:东方出版中心,1996年。  [Monegal,Rodriguez.Jorge Luis Borges:A Literary Biography.Shanghai:OrientPublishing Center,1996.]   何·克·奥罗斯科:《自传》。墨西哥,1970年。  
  在原始社会时期,随着氏族的解体,男子在一夫一妻制的家庭中占有了统治地位。部落或公社内部实行族外婚,禁止同一血缘亲族集团内部通婚;实行生产资料公有制,共同劳动,平均分配,没有剥削,也没有阶屋里,虽然还级。原始部落经常进行大规模的迁徙。迁徙的原因很多,其中最常见的有战争和自然灾害等等,总之,是为了寻找更适合于生存的自然环境。  
  最后,“国际化”(或者“全球化”)的终极代价是:“雨下了四年十一月零二天……这时,《圣经》所说的那种飓风变成了猛烈的龙卷风,扬起尘土和垃圾,将马孔多团团围住。……按照羊皮纸手稿的预粉放在红色小言,就在奥雷良诺·巴比伦破译羊皮纸手稿的最后瞬间,马孔多这个镜子似的(或者蜃景似的)城镇,将被飓风从地面上一扫而光,将从人们的记忆中彻底抹掉,羊皮纸手稿所记载的一切将永远不会重视,遭受百年孤独的家族,注定不会在大地上第二次出现了”(Marquez 347)。  
  岁月不居,光阴荏苒。何·阿·布恩蒂亚的两个儿子相继长大成的短袖,单件人,乌苏拉家大业大;马孔多六畜兴旺,美名远扬。其时,“朝廷”派来了第一位镇长,教会派来了第一位神父。小镇的阶屋里,虽然还级关系也发生了深刻的变化。以地主占有土地、残酷剥削农民为基础的封建主义从“奴隶制社会”脱胎而出。何·阿·布恩蒂亚的长子何·阿卡蒂奥大施淫威,占有了周围最好的耕地。  
  时移世易,博尔赫斯从一个时代、一个世界的不屑变成了另一个时代、另一个世界的不凡,christian louboutin。这其中倒有被选择的因素。尽管这种选择归根结底仍取决于他的选择。作为民族虚无主义者,博尔赫斯张开双臂拥抱外国文化。这使得他在民族运动、社会主义思潮高涨的五六十年代,被认为是堕落的“外国”作家。而当世纪末意识形态淡化,社会主义运动处于低潮的时候,博尔赫斯又成了一个让许多人顶礼膜拜的偶像。  
  与“宇宙种族”说相对,土著主义、本土主义或地域主义(注:本土主义或地域主义是对土著主义的一种发展。从文学艺术方面而言,它的表现对象已从单纯的印第安人形象拓展到拉丁美洲的混血儿世界,表现手法也远比土著主义丰富复杂,abercrombie。)作家更关注社会现实,他们(如雷布埃尔塔斯、蒙西瓦伊斯等)试图通过文学艺术暴露社会不公、改变社会面貌。他们批评巴斯康塞洛斯的“宇宙种族”说是掩盖矛盾的神话,并不能真正解释拉丁美洲错综复杂的民族特性。雷布埃尔塔斯坚信民族性即阶屋里,虽然还级性,当拉丁美洲尚处在国家要独立、民族要解放的关键时刻,当千百万印第安人、黑人和其他有色人种尚处在水深火热之中,当广大劳动人民尚在被压迫、被剥削的渊薮中苦苦挣扎之时,何谈“宇宙种族”?(注:参见雷布埃尔塔斯:“仙人掌”,《墨西哥人》,3(193 :71。)在他们看来,拉丁美洲的民族性乃是印第安人的血泪、黑人奴隶的呐喊和广大劳苦大众的汗水。他们认为,印第安人的草鞋、黑人奴隶的裸背、工人农民的麻布斗蓬远比“哗众取宠”的壁画和矫揉造作的形式主义更具民族性,也更能引起世界人民的关注与认同。  
  且说幻由心生,人是不能拽着自己的小辫离开地面的。但心是一回事,幻又是一回事。时代风云、人生遭际与作家的嗜好、作家的选择也是如此。二者的联系可能是必然的,也可能是偶然的。只不过作家的选择犹如历史的选择,无法假设。于是白纸黑字,方圆殊趣,读者面对的始终是各色各样的文学、各色各样的主题。至于这些文学、这些主题与作家的遭遇、作家的时代关系何如,则是另一个同样大而艰难的话题。  
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Denver Nuggets' free agent J.R. Smith, now playing for Zhejiang Chouzhou, collected the game-high 20 points, but he missed nine of his 16 shots through the game. He got injured in the right ankle in the fourth quarter. Another former NBA player Josh Boone shot down 11 points for Zhejiang.
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When financing a home purchase,louboutin pas cher, the kind of mortgage you choose determines your monthly payment and the interest rate you get on your loan. There are four main ways of financing the mortgage for your home: 30-year fixed rate, 15-year fixed rate, adjustable rate, and interest only. Each of these mortgage financing options has its pros and cons,abercrombie, your credit union can help you find the right financing for your situation.

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15-year fixed rate. Like the 30-year loan,chaussures christian louboutin, this rate is also fixed. The main difference is that you pay of the loan in 15 years instead of 30 years. This means that your payments are much higher than they would be if you had a long term loan. However, because you pay it off faster, the home gains equity more rapidly and you save a large amount of money in interest. Additionally, most lenders offer lower interest rates if you opt for a 15-year loan. Your tax deduction for interest will be smaller with a 15-year than with a 30-year, however, because you are paying less interest.

Adjustable rate mortgage. Contrary to the fixed rate mortgage,louboutin, the adjustable rate mortgage changes when the interest rates changes. Most adjustable rate financing does have a fixed rate and payment for a period at the start of the loan. Depending on the length of the total loan period, this can be anywhere from five to 10 years. However,coach outlet, after the initial period,moncler, the rate is variable. This means that you may start out with a very low rate at first, but your rate (and your payments) may increase substantially as the market fluctuates. Because of the nature of the loan (low payments at first), the borrower may qualify for a larger loan than he or she would otherwise qualify for if the rates were fixed.

Interest only loan. This is a loan relatively new to the world of mortgage financing. It is basically a type of adjustable rate mortgage, although a very few lenders offer them at fixed rates. Despite its name, an interest only loan is not exactly that. The borrower pays only the interest payments on the loan for the first five to 10 years (seven to nine years is common). This means that the borrower may be able to qualify for a larger loan. Additionally,louboutin, someone who might not be able to afford a house payment can do so when he or she is only paying the interest. The downside comes when the initial payment period ends. After the first several years, you begin paying on the principal as well,chaussures louboutin, resulting in a balloon payment. This is a loan that comes with a great deal of risk, especially if you are unsure of whether or not you will earn enough down the road to cover the sudden payment increase.

Again, it is a good idea to consult with your credit union to explore the risks of each option in relation to your circumstance. Contact your credit union about rates, terms and benefits for each of these financing options.

For additional information, please contact a local Credit Union

Nicole Soltau is the President and Founder of CreditUnionRate.com.
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Postby ndrutugf » Fri Dec 16, 2011 3:13 am

Goose Down Comforters - Warm, Cozy, and Lightweight
Who wouldn't want a goose down comforter and a pretty duvet cover to keep warm at night? There is nothing that holds your body heat in and keeps the cold out like goose down. Goose down comforters are made with the down sewn in baffles between specially designed fabric. The feathers do a good job of keeping the goose warm and they do the same thing for us. You will usually find the comforters in white and you want to protect them,abercrombie and fitch, so add a pretty duvet cover and your bedroom is well on its way to being beautiful as well as cozy. When it comes to goose down comforters and duvet covers,ralph lauren, price is an issue. You can find both at any price,louboutin, but the lesser expensive ones are not as warm because the goose feathers will fall down to the edges creating thin layers on top for you to sleep under. This is not good for a cold winter night. If your comforter is constructed correctly,abercrombie france, the goose feathers will stay within the baffles and you will continue to have a fluffy warm comforter. Watch for sales and end of the year clearance prices for a great savings on real goose down comforters.If you have allergies,abercrombie, check the label for the down comforter you are planning on purchasing. Some say that a 100% goose down is the best and a natural repellent to dust mites. It is the mixture of feathers that people get into allergy trouble; either for featherbeds or comforters. Read the labels so you know what you are buying. You might find a comforter that is Hungarian goose and part syriaca clusters. Syriaca is a natural down like fiber from the milk weed plant. You can see why you might have an allergic problem to a down comforter like this. The Siberian goose is one of the best down comforters in the world. Siberian down is considered ounce to ounce to have the best thermal properties than other types of goose down. Another type of comforter is Eiderdown. These comforters are the finest,christian louboutin, warmest and rarest of the down comforters. They feel extremely warm and are very light weight.Eider ducks are only found in the North Atlantic in Iceland. The mother duck plucks her own down to feather the nest to keep the eggs warm. The down is then harvested by hand after the next has been abandoned. This is very labor intensive as you can imagine. Any eiderdown comforter is considered heirloom quality since they are so rare.Bev Marshall is a successful freelance writer,moncler, Aromatherapist and Feng Shui consultant offering guidance and suggestions for consumers buying a comforter, bedspread,louboutin pas cher, baby bedding,casque beats, duvet cover,polo ralph lauren, bedding and more. Her many articles can be found online. She gives information and tips to help you save money and make informed buying decisions.
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